Introduction
On September 24, 2014, a GNU Bash vulnerability, referred to as Shellshock or the “Bash Bug”, was disclosed. In short, the vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code given certain conditions, by passing strings of code following environment variable assignments. Because of Bash’s ubiquitous status amongst Linux, BSD, and Mac OS X distributions, many computers are vulnerable to Shellshock; all unpatched Bash versions between 1.14 through 4.3 (i.e. all releases until now) are at risk.
The Shellshock vulnerability can be exploited on systems that are running Services or applications that allow unauthorized remote users to assign Bash environment variables. Examples of exploitable systems include the following:
- Apache HTTP Servers that use CGI scripts (via
mod_cgiandmod_cgid) that are written in Bash or launch to Bash subshells - Certain DHCP clients
- OpenSSH servers that use the
ForceCommandcapability - Various network-exposed services that use Bash
A detailed description of the bug can be found at CVE-2014-6271, CVE-2014-7169, CVE-2014-7186, and CVE-2014-7187.
Because the Shellshock vulnerability is very widespread–even more so than the OpenSSL Heartbleed bug–and particularly easy to exploit, it is highly recommended that affected systems are properly updated to fix or mitigate the vulnerability as soon as possible. We will show you how to test if your machines are vulnerable and, if they are, how to update Bash to remove the vulnerability.
Check System Vulnerability
On each of your systems that run Bash, you may check for Shellshock vulnerability by running the following command at the bash prompt:
env 'VAR=() { :;}; echo Bash is vulnerable!' 'FUNCTION()=() { :;}; echo Bash is vulnerable!' bash -c "echo Bash Test"
The highlighted echo Bash is vulnerable! portion of the command represents where a remote attacker could inject malicious code; arbitrary code following a function definition within an environment variable assignment. Therefore, if you see the following output, your version of Bash is vulnerable and should be updated:
Bash is vulnerable!
Bash Test
If your output does not include the simulated attacker’s payload, i.e. “Bash is vulnerable” is not printed as output, you are protected against at least the first vulnerability (CVE-2014-6271), but you may be vulnerable to the other CVEs that were discovered later. If there are any bash warnings or errors in the output, you should update Bash to its latest version; this process is described in the next section.
If the only thing that is output from the test command is the following, your Bash is safe from Shellshock:
Bash Test
Test Remote Sites
If you simply want to test if websites or specific CGI scripts are vulnerable, use this link: ‘ShellShock’ Bash Vulnerability CVE-2014-6271 Test Tool.
Simply enter the URL of the website or CGI script you want to test in the appropriate form and submit.
Fix Vulnerability: Update Bash
The easiest way to fix the vulnerability is to use your default package manager to update the version of Bash. The following subsections cover updating Bash on various Linux distributions, including Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, Red Hat, and Fedora.
APT-GET: Ubuntu / Debian
For currently supported versions of Ubuntu or Debian, update Bash to the latest version available via apt-get:
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install --only-upgrade bash
Now check your system vulnerability again by running the command in the previous section (Check System Vulnerability).
End of Life Ubuntu / Debian Releases
If you are running a release of Ubuntu / Debian that is considered end of life status, you will have to upgrade to a supported to use the package manager to update Bash. The following command can be used to upgrade to a new release (it is recommended that you back up your server and important data first, in case you run into any issues):
sudo do-release-upgrade
After the upgrade is complete, ensure that you update Bash.
YUM: CentOS / Red Hat / Fedora
Update Bash to the latest version available via yum:
sudo yum update bash
Now check your system vulnerability again by running the command in the previous section (Check System Vulnerability).
End of Life CentOS / Red Hat / Fedora Releases
If you are running a release of CentOS / Red Hat / Fedora that is considered end of life status, you will have to upgrade to a supported to use the package manager to update Bash. The following command can be used to upgrade to a new release (it is recommended that you back up your server and important data first, in case you run into any issues):
sudo yum update
After the upgrade is complete, ensure that you update Bash.
Conclusion
Be sure to update all of your affected servers to the latest version of Bash! Also, be sure to keep your servers up to date with the latest security updates!
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About the author
Software Engineer @ DigitalOcean. Former Señor Technical Writer (I no longer update articles or respond to comments). Expertise in areas including Ubuntu, PostgreSQL, MySQL, and more.
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