Apache Tomcat is a web server and servlet container that is used to serve Java applications. Tomcat is an open source implementation of the Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages technologies, released by the Apache Software Foundation. This tutorial covers the basic installation and some configuration of the latest release of Tomcat 9 on your Debian 10 server.
Before you begin with this guide, you should have a non-root user with sudo
privileges set up on your server. You can learn how to do this by completing our Debian 10 initial server setup guide.
Tomcat requires Java to be installed on the server so that any Java web application code can be executed. We can satisfy that requirement by installing OpenJDK with apt.
First, update your apt package index:
- sudo apt update
Then install the Java Development Kit package with apt:
- sudo apt install default-jdk
Now that Java is installed, we can create a tomcat
user, which will be used to run the Tomcat service.
For security purposes, Tomcat should be run as an unprivileged user (i.e. not root). We will create a new user and group that will run the Tomcat service.
First, create a new tomcat group:
- sudo groupadd tomcat
Next, create a new tomcat user. We’ll make this user a member of the tomcat group, with a home directory of /opt/tomcat
(where we will install Tomcat), and with a shell of /bin/false
(so nobody can log into the account):
- sudo useradd -s /bin/false -g tomcat -d /opt/tomcat tomcat
Now that our tomcat user is set up, let’s download and install Tomcat.
The best way to install Tomcat 9 is to download the latest binary release then configure it manually.
Find the latest version of Tomcat 9 at the Tomcat 9 Downloads page. At the time of writing, the latest version is 9.0.27, but you should use a later stable version if it is available. Under the Binary Distributions section, then under the Core list, copy the link to the “tar.gz”.
Next, return to your SSH session and move to the /tmp
directory on your server. This is a good directory to download ephemeral items, like the Tomcat tarball, which we won’t need after extracting the Tomcat contents:
- cd /tmp
We’ll use the curl
command-line tool to download the tarball. Install curl
:
- sudo apt install curl
Now, use curl
to download the link that you copied from the Tomcat website:
- curl -O http://www-eu.apache.org/dist/tomcat/tomcat-9/v9.0.11/bin/apache-tomcat-9.0.11.tar.gz
We will install Tomcat to the /opt/tomcat
directory. Create the directory, then extract the archive to it with these commands:
- sudo mkdir /opt/tomcat
- sudo tar xzvf apache-tomcat-9*tar.gz -C /opt/tomcat --strip-components=1
Next, we will set up the proper user permissions for our installation.
The tomcat user that we created needs to have access to the Tomcat installation. We’ll set that up now.
Change to the directory where we unpacked the Tomcat installation:
- cd /opt/tomcat
Give the tomcat group ownership over the entire installation directory:
- sudo chgrp -R tomcat /opt/tomcat
Next, give the tomcat group read
access to the conf
directory and all of its contents, and execute
access to the directory itself:
- sudo chmod -R g+r conf
- sudo chmod g+x conf
Make the tomcat user the owner of the webapps
, work
, temp
, and logs
directories:
- sudo chown -R tomcat webapps/ work/ temp/ logs/
Now that the proper permissions are set up, we will create a systemd service file to manage the Tomcat process.
We want to be able to run Tomcat as a service, so we will set up systemd service file.
Tomcat needs to know where Java is installed. This path is commonly referred to as JAVA_HOME
. The easiest way to look up that location is by running this command:
- sudo update-java-alternatives -l
Outputjava-1.11.0-openjdk-amd64 1111 /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.11.0-openjdk-amd64
Your JAVA_HOME
is the output from the last column (highlighted above). Given the example above, the correct JAVA_HOME
for this server would be:
JAVA_HOME/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.11.0-openjdk-amd64
Your JAVA_HOME
may be different.
With this piece of information, we can create the systemd service file. Open a file called tomcat.service
in the /etc/systemd/system
directory by typing:
- sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/tomcat.service
Paste the following contents into your service file. Modify the value of JAVA_HOME
if necessary to match the value you found on your system. You may also want to modify the memory allocation settings that are specified in CATALINA_OPTS
:
[Unit]
Description=Apache Tomcat Web Application Container
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
Environment=JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.11.0-openjdk-amd64
Environment=CATALINA_PID=/opt/tomcat/temp/tomcat.pid
Environment=CATALINA_HOME=/opt/tomcat
Environment=CATALINA_BASE=/opt/tomcat
Environment='CATALINA_OPTS=-Xms512M -Xmx1024M -server -XX:+UseParallelGC'
Environment='JAVA_OPTS=-Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/./urandom'
ExecStart=/opt/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
ExecStop=/opt/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
User=tomcat
Group=tomcat
UMask=0007
RestartSec=10
Restart=always
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
When you are finished, save and close the file.
Next, reload the systemd daemon so that it knows about our service file:
- sudo systemctl daemon-reload
Start the Tomcat service by typing:
- sudo systemctl start tomcat
Double check that it started without errors by typing:
- sudo systemctl status tomcat
You should see output similar to the following:
Output● tomcat.service - Apache Tomcat Web Application Container
Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/tomcat.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2019-10-24 17:18:11 UTC; 4s ago
Process: 5962 ExecStart=/opt/tomcat/bin/startup.sh (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 5970 (java)
Tasks: 44 (limit: 2377)
Memory: 184.2M
CGroup: /system.slice/tomcat.service
└─5970 /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.11.0-openjdk-amd64/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/opt/tomcat/conf/logging.properties -Djava.u
Oct 24 17:18:10 tomcat systemd[1]: Starting Apache Tomcat Web Application Container...
Oct 24 17:18:11 tomcat startup.sh[5962]: Tomcat started.
Oct 24 17:18:11 tomcat systemd[1]: Started Apache Tomcat Web Application Container.
This confirms that Tomcat is up and running on your server.
Now that the Tomcat service is started, we can test to make sure the default page is available.
Before we do that, we need to adjust the firewall to allow our requests to get to the service. If you followed the prerequisites, you will have a ufw
firewall enabled currently.
Tomcat uses port 8080
to accept requests. Allow traffic to that port by typing:
- sudo ufw allow 8080
With the firewall modified, you can access the default splash page by going to your domain or IP address followed by :8080
in a web browser:
Open in web browserhttp://server_domain_or_IP:8080
You will see the default Tomcat splash page, in addition to other information. However, if you click the links for the Manager App, for instance, you will be denied access. We can configure that access next.
If you were able to successfully access Tomcat, now is a good time to enable the service file so that Tomcat automatically starts at boot:
- sudo systemctl enable tomcat
In order to use the manager web app that comes with Tomcat, we must add a login to our Tomcat server. We will do this by editing the tomcat-users.xml
file:
- sudo nano /opt/tomcat/conf/tomcat-users.xml
You will want to add a user who can access the manager-gui
and admin-gui
(web apps that come with Tomcat). You can do so by defining a user, similar to the example below, between the tomcat-users
tags. Be sure to change the username and password to something secure:
<tomcat-users>
. . .
<user username="admin" password="password" roles="manager-gui,admin-gui"/>
</tomcat-users>
Save and close the file when you are finished.
By default, newer versions of Tomcat restrict access to the Manager and Host Manager apps to connections coming from the server itself. Since we are installing on a remote machine, you will probably want to remove or alter this restriction. To change the IP address restrictions on these, open the appropriate context.xml
files.
For the Manager app, type:
- sudo nano /opt/tomcat/webapps/manager/META-INF/context.xml
For the Host Manager app, type:
- sudo nano /opt/tomcat/webapps/host-manager/META-INF/context.xml
Inside, comment out the IP address restriction to allow connections from anywhere. Alternatively, if you would like to allow access only to connections coming from your own IP address, you can add your public IP address to the list:
<Context antiResourceLocking="false" privileged="true" >
<!--<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteAddrValve"
allow="127\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+|::1|0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1" />-->
</Context>
Save and close the files when you are finished.
To put our changes into effect, restart the Tomcat service:
- sudo systemctl restart tomcat
Now that we have create a user, we can access the web management interface again in a web browser. Once again, you can get to the correct interface by entering your server’s domain name or IP address followed on port 8080 in your browser:
Open in web browserhttp://server_domain_or_IP:8080
The page you see should be the same one you were given when you tested earlier:
Let’s take a look at the Manager App, accessible via the link or http://server_domain_or_IP:8080/manager/html
. You will need to enter the account credentials that you added to the tomcat-users.xml
file. Afterwards, you should see a page that looks like this:
The Web Application Manager is used to manage your Java applications. You can Start, Stop, Reload, Deploy, and Undeploy here. You can also run some diagnostics on your apps (i.e. find memory leaks). Lastly, information about your server is available at the very bottom of this page.
Now let’s take a look at the Host Manager, accessible via the link or http://server_domain_or_IP:8080/host-manager/html/
:
From the Virtual Host Manager page, you can add virtual hosts to serve your applications from.
Your installation of Tomcat is complete! You are now free to deploy your own Java web applications.
Currently, your Tomcat installation is functional, but entirely unencrypted. This means that all data, including sensitive items like passwords, are sent in plain text that can be intercepted and read by other parties on the internet. In order to prevent this from happening, it is strongly recommended that you encrypt your connections with SSL. You can find out how to encrypt your connections to Tomcat by following this guide (note: this guide covers Tomcat 8 encryption on Ubuntu 16.04).
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An easier way is just
apt install tomcat9
.The URL now returns a 301, the new URL would be
http://any23.apache.orgdist/tomcat/tomcat-9/v9.0.11/bin/apache-tomcat-9.0.11.tar.gz
Fantastic tutorial. Works perfectly to install Tomcat 9 on Debian 11 as well. Thanks a lot.
After installing Tomcat 9 on Debian 11 there is no manager in /var/lib/tomcat9/webapps, where do I get it?
works also with jdk16 Oracle on Tomcat10. I installed it on Debian11. Excellent tutorial.
It works. Unfortunately it doesn’t start automatically at system (re)boot, something I would have expected from a service.
That’s what i need. Step by step installation. I am very happy, now.