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Update: it turns out I needed to reboot the droplet and puma. I ran sudo reboot whilst SSHed into the droplet, followed by cap production puma:restart locally, and my site suddenly appeared. I couldn’t find this information related to my question so I’ll leave it here in case it helps anyone else.
It seems the combination of restarting the droplet and puma is what is needed to allow the new nginx configuration to take hold.
For clarity, these are the steps I took to move from the default installation one-click Rails application with the example app at /home/rails/example to a capistrano-based deployment running from /home/rails/apps/appname, where appname is your app:
sudo ln -nfs "/home/rails/apps/appname/current/nginx.conf" "/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/appname". (Apparently it’s important to use the absolute path for this.)sudo reboot on the droplet.cap production puma:restart locally.This should allow you to deploy from Capistrano locally with cap production deploy and not have to fiddle with the nginx files on the droplet. This workflow is compiled from probably a dozen different tutorials and posts elsewhere, so I hope this helps someone trying to deploy a Rails app to production on DigitalOcean using Capistrano.