Tutorial

How To Configure BIND as a Private Network DNS Server on CentOS 7

Published on April 29, 2015
How To Configure BIND as a Private Network DNS Server on CentOS 7
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CentOS 7

Introduction

An important part of managing server configuration and infrastructure includes maintaining an easy way to look up network interfaces and IP addresses by name, by setting up a proper Domain Name System (DNS). Using fully qualified domain names (FQDNs), instead of IP addresses, to specify network addresses eases the configuration of services and applications, and increases the maintainability of configuration files. Setting up your own DNS for your private network is a great way to improve the management of your servers.

In this tutorial, we will go over how to set up an internal DNS server, using the BIND name server software (BIND9) on CentOS 7, that can be used by your Virtual Private Servers (VPS) to resolve private host names and private IP addresses. This provides a central way to manage your internal hostnames and private IP addresses, which is indispensable when your environment expands to more than a few hosts.

The Ubuntu version of this tutorial can be found here.

Prerequisites

To complete this tutorial, you will need the following:

  • Some servers that are running in the same datacenter and have private networking enabled
  • A new VPS to serve as the Primary DNS server, ns1
  • Optional: A new VPS to serve as a Secondary DNS server, ns2
  • Root access to all of the above (steps 1-4 here)

If you are unfamiliar with DNS concepts, it is recommended that you read at least the first three parts of our Introduction to Managing DNS.

Example Hosts

For example purposes, we will assume the following:

  • We have two existing VPS called “host1” and “host2”
  • Both VPS exist in the nyc3 datacenter
  • Both VPS have private networking enabled (and are on the 10.128.0.0/16 subnet)
  • Both VPS are somehow related to our web application that runs on “example.com

With these assumptions, we decide that it makes sense to use a naming scheme that uses “nyc3.example.com” to refer to our private subnet or zone. Therefore, host1’s private Fully-Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) will be “host1.nyc3.example.com”. Refer to the following table the relevant details:

Host Role Private FQDN Private IP Address
host1 Generic Host 1 host1.nyc3.example.com 10.128.100.101
host2 Generic Host 2 host2.nyc3.example.com 10.128.200.102

Note: Your existing setup will be different, but the example names and IP addresses will be used to demonstrate how to configure a DNS server to provide a functioning internal DNS. You should be able to easily adapt this setup to your own environment by replacing the host names and private IP addresses with your own. It is not necessary to use the region name of the datacenter in your naming scheme, but we use it here to denote that these hosts belong to a particular datacenter’s private network. If you utilize multiple datacenters, you can set up an internal DNS within each respective datacenter.

Our Goal

By the end of this tutorial, we will have a primary DNS server, ns1, and optionally a secondary DNS server, ns2, which will serve as a backup.

Here is a table with example names and IP addresses:

Host Role Private FQDN Private IP Address
ns1 Primary DNS Server ns1.nyc3.example.com 10.128.10.11
ns2 Secondary DNS Server ns2.nyc3.example.com 10.128.20.12

Let’s get started by installing our Primary DNS server, ns1.

Install BIND on DNS Servers

Note: Text that is highlighted in red is important! It will often be used to denote something that needs to be replaced with your own settings or that it should be modified or added to a configuration file. For example, if you see something like host1.nyc3.example.com, replace it with the FQDN of your own server. Likewise, if you see host1_private_IP, replace it with the private IP address of your own server.

On both DNS servers, ns1 and ns2, install BIND with yum:

  1. sudo yum install bind bind-utils

Confirm the prompt by entering y.

Now that BIND is installed, let’s configure the primary DNS server.

Configure Primary DNS Server

BIND’s configuration consists of multiple files, which are included from the main configuration file, named.conf. These filenames begin with “named” because that is the name of the process that BIND runs. We will start with configuring the options file.

Configure Bind

BIND’s process is known as named. As such, many of the files refer to “named” instead of “BIND”.

On ns1, open the named.conf file for editing:

  1. sudo vi /etc/named.conf

Above the existing options block, create a new ACL block called “trusted”. This is where we will define list of clients that we will allow recursive DNS queries from (i.e. your servers that are in the same datacenter as ns1). Using our example private IP addresses, we will add ns1, ns2, host1, and host2 to our list of trusted clients:

/etc/named.conf — 1 of 4
acl "trusted" {
        10.128.10.11;    # ns1 - can be set to localhost
        10.128.20.12;    # ns2
        10.128.100.101;  # host1
        10.128.200.102;  # host2
};

Now that we have our list of trusted DNS clients, we will want to edit the options block. Add the private IP address of ns1 to the listen-on port 53 directive, and comment out the listen-on-v6 line:

/etc/named.conf — 2 of 4
options {
        listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; 10.128.10.11; };
#        listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
...

Below those entries, change the allow-transfer directive to from “none” to ns2’s private IP address. Also, change allow-query directive from “localhost” to “trusted”:

/etc/named.conf — 3 of 4
...
options {
...
        allow-transfer { 10.128.20.12; };      # disable zone transfers by default
...
        allow-query { trusted; };  # allows queries from "trusted" clients
...

At the end of the file, add the following line:

/etc/named.conf — 4 of 4
include "/etc/named/named.conf.local";

Now save and exit named.conf. The above configuration specifies that only your own servers (the “trusted” ones) will be able to query your DNS server.

Next, we will configure the local file, to specify our DNS zones.

Configure Local File

On ns1, open the named.conf.local file for editing:

  1. sudo vi /etc/named/named.conf.local

The file should be empty. Here, we will specify our forward and reverse zones.

Add the forward zone with the following lines (substitute the zone name with your own):

/etc/named/named.conf.local — 1 of 2
zone "nyc3.example.com" {
    type master;
    file "/etc/named/zones/db.nyc3.example.com"; # zone file path
};

Assuming that our private subnet is 10.128.0.0/16, add the reverse zone by with the following lines (note that our reverse zone name starts with “128.10” which is the octet reversal of “10.128”):

/etc/named/named.conf.local — 2 of 2
zone "128.10.in-addr.arpa" {
    type master;
    file "/etc/named/zones/db.10.128";  # 10.128.0.0/16 subnet
    };

If your servers span multiple private subnets but are in the same datacenter, be sure to specify an additional zone and zone file for each distinct subnet. When you are finished adding all of your desired zones, save and exit the named.conf.local file.

Now that our zones are specified in BIND, we need to create the corresponding forward and reverse zone files.

Create Forward Zone File

The forward zone file is where we define DNS records for forward DNS lookups. That is, when the DNS receives a name query, “host1.nyc3.example.com” for example, it will look in the forward zone file to resolve host1’s corresponding private IP address.

Let’s create the directory where our zone files will reside. According to our named.conf.local configuration, that location should be /etc/named/zones:

  1. sudo chmod 755 /etc/named
  2. sudo mkdir /etc/named/zones

Now let’s edit our forward zone file:

  1. sudo vi /etc/named/zones/db.nyc3.example.com

First, you will want to add the SOA record. Replace the highlighted ns1 FQDN with your own FQDN, then replace the second “nyc3.example.com” with your own domain. Every time you edit a zone file, you should increment the serial value before you restart the named process–we will increment it to “3”. It should look something like this:

/etc/named/zones/db.nyc3.example.com — 1 of 3
@       IN      SOA     ns1.nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
                              3         ; Serial
			 604800		; Refresh
			  86400		; Retry
			2419200		; Expire
			 604800 )	; Negative Cache TTL

After that, add your nameserver records with the following lines (replace the names with your own). Note that the second column specifies that these are “NS” records:

/etc/named/zones/db.nyc3.example.com — 2 of 3
; name servers - NS records
    IN      NS      ns1.nyc3.example.com.
    IN      NS      ns2.nyc3.example.com.

Then add the A records for your hosts that belong in this zone. This includes any server whose name we want to end with “.nyc3.example.com” (substitute the names and private IP addresses). Using our example names and private IP addresses, we will add A records for ns1, ns2, host1, and host2 like so:

/etc/named/zones/db.nyc3.example.com — 3 of 3
; name servers - A records
ns1.nyc3.example.com.          IN      A       10.128.10.11
ns2.nyc3.example.com.          IN      A       10.128.20.12

; 10.128.0.0/16 - A records
host1.nyc3.example.com.        IN      A      10.128.100.101
host2.nyc3.example.com.        IN      A      10.128.200.102

Save and exit the db.nyc3.example.com file.

Our final example forward zone file looks like the following:

/etc/named/zones/db.nyc3.example.com — complete
  1. $TTL 604800
  2. @ IN SOA ns1.nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
  3. 3 ; Serial
  4. 604800 ; Refresh
  5. 86400 ; Retry
  6. 2419200 ; Expire
  7. 604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL
  8. ;
  9. ; name servers - NS records
  10. IN NS ns1.nyc3.example.com.
  11. IN NS ns2.nyc3.example.com.
  12. ; name servers - A records
  13. ns1.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.10.11
  14. ns2.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.20.12
  15. ; 10.128.0.0/16 - A records
  16. host1.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.100.101
  17. host2.nyc3.example.com. IN A 10.128.200.102

Now let’s move onto the reverse zone file(s).

Create Reverse Zone File(s)

Reverse zone file are where we define DNS PTR records for reverse DNS lookups. That is, when the DNS receives a query by IP address, “10.128.100.101” for example, it will look in the reverse zone file(s) to resolve the corresponding FQDN, “host1.nyc3.example.com” in this case.

On ns1, for each reverse zone specified in the named.conf.local file, create a reverse zone file.

Edit the reverse zone file that corresponds to the reverse zone(s) defined in named.conf.local:

  1. sudo vi /etc/named/zones/db.10.128

In the same manner as the forward zone file, replace the highlighted ns1 FQDN with your own FQDN, then replace the second “nyc3.example.com” with your own domain. Every time you edit a zone file, you should increment the serial value before you restart the named process–we will increment it to “3”. It should look something like this:

/etc/named/zones/db.10.128 — 1 of 3
@       IN      SOA     ns1.nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
                              3         ; Serial
                         604800         ; Refresh
                          86400         ; Retry
                        2419200         ; Expire
                         604800 )       ; Negative Cache TTL

After that, add your nameserver records with the following lines (replace the names with your own). Note that the second column specifies that these are “NS” records:

/etc/named/zones/db.10.128 — 2 of 3
; name servers - NS records
      IN      NS      ns1.nyc3.example.com.
      IN      NS      ns2.nyc3.example.com.

Then add PTR records for all of your servers whose IP addresses are on the subnet of the zone file that you are editing. In our example, this includes all of our hosts because they are all on the 10.128.0.0/16 subnet. Note that the first column consists of the last two octets of your servers’ private IP addresses in reversed order. Be sure to substitute names and private IP addresses to match your servers:

/etc/named/zones/db.10.128 — 3 of 3
; PTR Records
11.10   IN      PTR     ns1.nyc3.example.com.    ; 10.128.10.11
12.20   IN      PTR     ns2.nyc3.example.com.    ; 10.128.20.12
101.100 IN      PTR     host1.nyc3.example.com.  ; 10.128.100.101
102.200 IN      PTR     host2.nyc3.example.com.  ; 10.128.200.102

Save and exit the reverse zone file (repeat this section if you need to add more reverse zone files).

Our final example reverse zone file looks like the following:

/etc/named/zones/db.10.128 — complete
  1. $TTL 604800
  2. @ IN SOA nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
  3. 3 ; Serial
  4. 604800 ; Refresh
  5. 86400 ; Retry
  6. 2419200 ; Expire
  7. 604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL
  8. ; name servers
  9. IN NS ns1.nyc3.example.com.
  10. IN NS ns2.nyc3.example.com.
  11. ; PTR Records
  12. 11.10 IN PTR ns1.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.10.11
  13. 12.20 IN PTR ns2.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.20.12
  14. 101.100 IN PTR host1.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.100.101
  15. 102.200 IN PTR host2.nyc3.example.com. ; 10.128.200.102

Check BIND Configuration Syntax

Run the following command to check the syntax of the named.conf* files:

  1. sudo named-checkconf

If your named configuration files have no syntax errors, you will return to your shell prompt and see no error messages. If there are problems with your configuration files, review the error message and the Configure Primary DNS Server section, then try named-checkconf again.

The named-checkzone command can be used to check the correctness of your zone files. Its first argument specifies a zone name, and the second argument specifies the corresponding zone file, which are both defined in named.conf.local.

For example, to check the “nyc3.example.com” forward zone configuration, run the following command (change the names to match your forward zone and file):

  1. sudo named-checkzone nyc3.example.com /etc/named/zones/db.nyc3.example.com

And to check the “128.10.in-addr.arpa” reverse zone configuration, run the following command (change the numbers to match your reverse zone and file):

  1. sudo named-checkzone 128.10.in-addr.arpa /etc/named/zones/db.10.128

When all of your configuration and zone files have no errors in them, you should be ready to restart the BIND service.

Start BIND

Start BIND:

  1. sudo systemctl start named

Now you will want to enable it, so it will start on boot:

  1. sudo systemctl enable named

Your primary DNS server is now setup and ready to respond to DNS queries. Let’s move on to creating the secondary DNS server.

Configure Secondary DNS Server

In most environments, it is a good idea to set up a secondary DNS server that will respond to requests if the primary becomes unavailable. Luckily, the secondary DNS server is much easier to configure.

On ns2, edit the named.conf file:

  1. sudo vi /etc/named.conf

Note: If you prefer to skip these instructions, you can copy ns1’s named.conf file and modify it to listen on ns2’s private IP address, and not allow transfers.

Above the existing options block, create a new ACL block called “trusted”. This is where we will define list of clients that we will allow recursive DNS queries from (i.e. your servers that are in the same datacenter as ns1). Using our example private IP addresses, we will add ns1, ns2, host1, and host2 to our list of trusted clients:

/etc/named.conf — 1 of 4
acl "trusted" {
        10.128.10.11;    # ns1 - can be set to localhost
        10.128.20.12;    # ns2
        10.128.100.101;  # host1
        10.128.200.102;  # host2
};

Now that we have our list of trusted DNS clients, we will want to edit the options block. Add the private IP address of ns1 to the listen-on port 53 directive, and comment out the listen-on-v6 line:

/etc/named.conf — 2 of 4
options {
        listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; 10.128.20.12; };
#        listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
...

Change allow-query directive from “localhost” to “trusted”:

/etc/named.conf — 3 of 4
...
options {
...
        allow-query { trusted; }; # allows queries from "trusted" clients
...

At the end of the file, add the following line:

/etc/named.conf — 4 of 4
include "/etc/named/named.conf.local";

Now save and exit named.conf. The above configuration specifies that only your own servers (the “trusted” ones) will be able to query your DNS server.

Next, we will configure the local file, to specify our DNS zones.

Save and exit named.conf.

Now edit the named.conf.local file:

  1. sudo chmod 755 /etc/named
  2. sudo vi /etc/named/named.conf.local

Define slave zones that correspond to the master zones on the primary DNS server. Note that the type is “slave”, the file does not contain a path, and there is a masters directive which should be set to the primary DNS server’s private IP. If you defined multiple reverse zones in the primary DNS server, make sure to add them all here:

/etc/named/named.conf.local
  1. zone "nyc3.example.com" {
  2. type slave;
  3. file "slaves/db.nyc3.example.com";
  4. masters { 10.128.10.11; }; # ns1 private IP
  5. };
  6. zone "128.10.in-addr.arpa" {
  7. type slave;
  8. file "slaves/db.10.128";
  9. masters { 10.128.10.11; }; # ns1 private IP
  10. };

Now save and exit named.conf.local.

Run the following command to check the validity of your configuration files:

  1. sudo named-checkconf

Once that checks out, start BIND:

  1. sudo systemctl start named

Enable BIND to start on boot:

sudo systemctl enable named

Now you have primary and secondary DNS servers for private network name and IP address resolution. Now you must configure your servers to use your private DNS servers.

Configure DNS Clients

Before all of your servers in the “trusted” ACL can query your DNS servers, you must configure each of them to use ns1 and ns2 as nameservers. This process varies depending on OS, but for most Linux distributions it involves adding your name servers to the /etc/resolv.conf file.

CentOS Clients

On CentOS, RedHat, and Fedora Linux VPS, simply edit the resolv.conf file:

  1. sudo vi /etc/resolv.conf

Then add the following lines to the TOP of the file (substitute your private domain, and ns1 and ns2 private IP addresses):

/etc/resolv.conf
search nyc3.example.com  # your private domain
nameserver 10.128.10.11  # ns1 private IP address
nameserver 10.128.20.12  # ns2 private IP address

Now save and exit. Your client is now configured to use your DNS servers.

Ubuntu Clients

On Ubuntu and Debian Linux VPS, you can edit the head file, which is prepended to resolv.conf on boot:

  1. sudo vi /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/head

Add the following lines to the file (substitute your private domain, and ns1 and ns2 private IP addresses):

/etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/head
search nyc3.example.com  # your private domain
nameserver 10.128.10.11  # ns1 private IP address
nameserver 10.128.20.12  # ns2 private IP address

Now run resolvconf to generate a new resolv.conf file:

  1. sudo resolvconf -u

Your client is now configured to use your DNS servers.

Test Clients

Use nslookup—included in the “bind-utils” package—to test if your clients can query your name servers. You should be able to do this on all of the clients that you have configured and are in the “trusted” ACL.

Forward Lookup

For example, we can perform a forward lookup to retrieve the IP address of host1.nyc3.example.com by running the following command:

  1. nslookup host1

Querying “host1” expands to "host1.nyc3.example.com because of the search option is set to your private subdomain, and DNS queries will attempt to look on that subdomain before looking for the host elsewhere. The output of the command above would look like the following:

Output:
Server: 10.128.10.11 Address: 10.128.10.11#53 Name: host1.nyc3.example.com Address: 10.128.100.101

Reverse Lookup

To test the reverse lookup, query the DNS server with host1’s private IP address:

  1. nslookup 10.128.100.101

You should see output that looks like the following:

Output:
Server: 10.128.10.11 Address: 10.128.10.11#53 11.10.128.10.in-addr.arpa name = host1.nyc3.example.com.

If all of the names and IP addresses resolve to the correct values, that means that your zone files are configured properly. If you receive unexpected values, be sure to review the zone files on your primary DNS server (e.g. db.nyc3.example.com and db.10.128).

Congratulations! Your internal DNS servers are now set up properly! Now we will cover maintaining your zone records.

Maintaining DNS Records

Now that you have a working internal DNS, you need to maintain your DNS records so they accurately reflect your server environment.

Adding Host to DNS

Whenever you add a host to your environment (in the same datacenter), you will want to add it to DNS. Here is a list of steps that you need to take:

Primary Nameserver

  • Forward zone file: Add an “A” record for the new host, increment the value of “Serial”
  • Reverse zone file: Add a “PTR” record for the new host, increment the value of “Serial”
  • Add your new host’s private IP address to the “trusted” ACL (named.conf.options)

Then reload BIND:

  1. sudo systemctl reload named

Secondary Nameserver

  • Add your new host’s private IP address to the “trusted” ACL (named.conf.options)

Then reload BIND:

  1. sudo systemctl reload named

Configure New Host to Use Your DNS

  • Configure resolv.conf to use your DNS servers
  • Test using nslookup

Removing Host from DNS

If you remove a host from your environment or want to just take it out of DNS, just remove all the things that were added when you added the server to DNS (i.e. the reverse of the steps above).

Conclusion

Now you may refer to your servers’ private network interfaces by name, rather than by IP address. This makes configuration of services and applications easier because you no longer have to remember the private IP addresses, and the files will be easier to read and understand. Also, now you can change your configurations to point to a new servers in a single place, your primary DNS server, instead of having to edit a variety of distributed configuration files, which eases maintenance.

Once you have your internal DNS set up, and your configuration files are using private FQDNs to specify network connections, it is critical that your DNS servers are properly maintained. If they both become unavailable, your services and applications that rely on them will cease to function properly. This is why it is recommended to set up your DNS with at least one secondary server, and to maintain working backups of all of them.

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wonderful tutorial. I wanted to ask, how different it would be if i just used one VPS. I don’t want to use slave server for now? and for e.g. if my domain name is on eNom, I will need to enter NS1 and NS2. what i should do if I only have configured NS1?

Is this a typo? In the /etc/named.conf — 3 of 4 part ns2’s private IP address is set to 10.132.241.227; while it was 10.128.20.12;

Nice tutorial, I found one thing though that can cause an error in your logs if you don’t set it like it should be. No big deal, resolving works, but it should be fixed if you want your slave to be able to dump the master files.

On the slave server you configure the named.conf.local like this:

    zone "nyc3.example.com" {
        type slave;
        file "db.nyc3.example.com";
        masters { 10.128.10.11; };  # ns1 private IP
    };

    zone "128.10.in-addr.arpa" {
        type slave;
        file "db.10.128";
        masters { 10.128.10.11; };  # ns1 private IP
    };

Like that you will see an error in your /var/log/messages like this: dumping master file: tmp-oFPEZxEKPb: open: permission denied

Instead, if you configure your named.conf.local like this on the slave server:

 zone "nyc3.example.com" {
        type slave;
        file "slaves/db.nyc3.example.com";
        masters { 10.128.10.11; };  # ns1 private IP
    };

    zone "128.10.in-addr.arpa" {
        type slave;
        file "slaves/db.10.128";
        masters { 10.128.10.11; };  # ns1 private IP
    };

There will be no more errors and the master file can be dumped without issues.

I understand this as a use-case for resolving hosts within a private network. My questions would be the following:

  1. Wouldn’t this also be practical for WAN (multiple datacenter) use cases?
  2. How is this approach more advantageous than simply managing a configuration-driven (puppet, Ansible) /etc/hosts file?

I translated your BIND deployment article into Chinese. This article is very good, and it is very useful for us. I hope you can agree, thank you very much.

Article address: https://lnsyyj.github.io/2019/01/06/如何在CentOS-7上将BIND配置为专用网络DNS服务器/

Is there any particular reason you don’t follow the Enterprise Linux format of storing files in /var/named? I’m using this guide for both CentOS and RHEL.

My /etc/named.conf has several entries that point to the other location; will the /etc/named/named.conf.local settings still work with these entries?

Found a small typo in the slave configuration section.

Where you wrote: “Add the private IP address of ns1 to the listen-on port 53 directive, and comment out the listen-on-v6 line,” I think you meant to write “Add the private IP address of ns2”

The actual address given in your sample config file is correct…

One of the best tutorials I have seen on the subject.

Guys, dont forget:

a. open UDP port on your DNS servers like:

sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=53/udp sudo firewall-cmd --reload

b. under /etc/resolv.conf - put your external nameserver to the end like:

search test.local nameserver x.y.z.f # local DNS nameserver 8.8.8.8 # global DNS

Hi there,

I am stuck on finding the following addresses: 10.128.10.11; # ns1 - can be set to localhost 10.128.20.12; # ns2 10.128.100.101; # host1 10.128.200.102; # host2

How can I find each of these?

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