A subject in RxJS is a special hybrid that can act as both an observable and an observer at the same time. This way, data can be pushed into a subject, and the subject’s subscribers will, in turn, receive that pushed data.
Subjects are useful for multicasting or for when a source of data is not easily transformed into an observable. It’s easy to overuse subjects and oftentimes, as illustrated in this excellent post, subjects can be avoided when an observable source can be created otherwise.
In this post, you will learn about subjects, behavior subjects, and replay subjects.
If you would like to follow along with this article, you will need:
This tutorial was verified with rxjs
v7.3.0.
Creating a subject begins with new instance of RxJS’s Subject
:
const mySubject = new Rx.Subject();
Multiple subscriptions can be created and internally the subject will keep a list of subscriptions:
const subscription1 = mySubject.subscribe(x => console.log(`${x} ${x}`));
const subscription2 = mySubject.subscribe(x => console.log(x.toUpperCase()));
Data can be pushed into the subject using its next
method:
mySubject.next('Hello!');
Running this script will produce the following output:
OutputHello! Hello!
HELLO!
For subscription1
, this code will take the input and display it twice. For subscription2
, this code will take the input and apply toUpperCase()
.
When data is pushed into a subject, it’ll go through its internal list of subscriptions and next
the data into each one.
Here’s an example that demonstrates how data gets pushed to the subscriptions:
const mySubject = new Rx.Subject();
mySubject.next(1);
const subscription1 = mySubject.subscribe(x => {
console.log('From subscription 1:', x);
});
mySubject.next(2);
const subscription2 = mySubject.subscribe(x => {
console.log('From subscription 2:', x);
});
mySubject.next(3);
subscription1.unsubscribe();
mySubject.next(4);
With this example, here’s the result that’ll be printed in the console:
OutputFrom subscription 1: 2
From subscription 1: 3
From subscription 2: 3
From subscription 2: 4
Note how subscriptions that arrive late are missing out on some of the data that’s been pushed into the subject. We’ll see how to address that later with behavior subjects or replay subjects.
The real power of subjects comes into play with multicasting, where a subject is passed as the observer to an observable, which will mean that, when the observable emits, the data is multicasted to all of the subject’s subscriptions:
Here’s an example where a trickleWords
observable emits a word every 750ms.
const mySubject = new Rx.Subject();
const words = ['Hot Dog', 'Pizza', 'Hamburger'];
const trickleWords = Rx.Observable.zip(
Rx.Observable.from(words),
Rx.Observable.interval(750),
word => word
);
const subscription1 = mySubject.subscribe(x => {
console.log(x.toUpperCase());
});
const subscription2 = mySubject.subscribe(x => {
console.log(
x
.toLowerCase()
.split('')
.reverse()
.join('')
);
});
trickleWords.subscribe(mySubject);
This will produce the following output after all the values have been emitted:
OutputHOT DOG
god toh
PIZZA
azzip
HAMBURGER
regrubmah
For subscription1
, the array of words
have been modified with toUpperCase()
. For subscription2
, the array of words
have been modified with toLowerCase()
and ``reverse()`.
asObservable
The asObservable
operator can be used to transform a subject into an observable. This can be useful when you’d like to expose the data from the subject, but at the same time prevent having data inadvertently pushed into the subject:
const mySubject = new Rx.Subject();
const myObservable = mySubject.asObservable();
mySubject.next('Hello');
myObservable.next('World!');
This will produce the following output:
OutputTypeError: myObservable.next is not a function
myObservable
does not possess next
, error
, or complete
.
When a subject completes or errors out, all the internal subscriptions also complete or error out:
const mySubject = new Rx.Subject();
const subscription1 = mySubject.subscribe(null, error =>
console.log('From subscription 1:', error.message)
);
const subscription2 = mySubject.subscribe(null, error =>
console.log('From subscription 2:', error.message)
);
mySubject.error(new Error('Error!'));
This will produce the following output:
OutputFrom subscription 1: Error!
From subscription 2: Error!
Error messages have been generated.
As discussed earlier, late subject subscriptions will miss out on the data that was emitted previously. Replay subjects can help with that by keeping a buffer of previous values that will be emitted to new subscriptions.
Here’s a usage example for replay subjects where a buffer of 2 previous values are kept and emitted on new subscriptions:
const mySubject = new Rx.ReplaySubject(2);
mySubject.next(1);
mySubject.next(2);
mySubject.next(3);
mySubject.next(4);
mySubject.subscribe(x => {
console.log('From subscription 1:', x);
});
mySubject.next(5);
mySubject.subscribe(x => {
console.log('From subscription 2:', x);
});
This will produce the following output:
OutputFrom subscription 1: 3
From subscription 1: 4
From subscription 1: 5
From subscription 2: 4
From subscription 2: 5
A buffer of 2 values has been stored.
Behavior subjects are similar to replay subjects but will re-emit only the last emitted value or a default value if no value has been previously emitted:
const mySubject = new Rx.BehaviorSubject('Hello!');
mySubject.subscribe(x => {
console.log('From subscription 1:', x);
});
mySubject.next(5);
mySubject.subscribe(x => {
console.log('From subscription 2:', x);
});
This will produce the following output:
OutputFrom subscription 1: Hello!
From subscription 1: 5
From subscription 2: 5
The default Hello!
value was emitted.
In this post, you learned about subjects, behavior subjects, and replay subjects.
Continue your learning with An Introduction to RxJS Buffering Operators, RxJS: The From Operator, and How To Use the takeUntil RxJS Operator to Manage Subscriptions Declaratively.
Thanks for learning with the DigitalOcean Community. Check out our offerings for compute, storage, networking, and managed databases.
This textbox defaults to using Markdown to format your answer.
You can type !ref in this text area to quickly search our full set of tutorials, documentation & marketplace offerings and insert the link!
Sign up for Infrastructure as a Newsletter.
Working on improving health and education, reducing inequality, and spurring economic growth? We'd like to help.
Get paid to write technical tutorials and select a tech-focused charity to receive a matching donation.