Tutorial

How To Create a Self-Signed SSL Certificate for Apache in Ubuntu 18.04

Updated on April 28, 2022
English
How To Create a Self-Signed SSL Certificate for Apache in Ubuntu 18.04
Not using Ubuntu 18.04?Choose a different version or distribution.
Ubuntu 18.04

Introduction

TLS, or transport layer security, and its predecessor SSL, which stands for secure sockets layer, are web protocols used to wrap normal traffic in a protected, encrypted wrapper.

Using this technology, servers can send traffic safely between servers and clients without the possibility of messages being intercepted by outside parties. The certificate system also assists users in verifying the identity of the sites that they are connecting with.

In this guide, you will learn how to set up a self-signed SSL certificate for use with an Apache web server on Ubuntu 18.04.

Note: A self-signed certificate will encrypt communication between your server and any clients. However, because it is not signed by any of the trusted Certificate Authorities (CA) included with web browsers, users cannot use the certificate to validate the identity of your server automatically.

A self-signed certificate may be appropriate if you do not have a domain name associated with your server and for instances where an encrypted web interface is not user-facing. If you do have a domain name, in many cases it is better to use a CA-signed certificate. Read more about how to set up a free trusted certificate with our guide on How To Secure Apache with Let’s Encrypt on Ubuntu 18.04.

Prerequisites

To complete this tutorial, you will need:

  • One Ubuntu 18.04 server with a non-root user configured with sudo privileges and firewall enabled. You can set up such a user account by following our Initial Server Setup with Ubuntu 18.04
  • An Apache web server installed. If you would like to install an entire LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) stack on your server, you can follow our guide on setting up LAMP on Ubuntu 18.04. If you only want the Apache web server, skip the steps pertaining to PHP and MySQL.

When you have completed the prerequisites, continue to the next step.

Step 1 — Creating the SSL Certificate

TLS/SSL works by using a combination of a public certificate and a private key. The SSL key is kept secret on the server. It is used to encrypt content sent to clients. The SSL certificate is publicly shared with anyone requesting the content. It can be used to decrypt the content signed by the associated SSL key.

You can create a self-signed key and certificate pair with a single OpenSSL command:

  1. sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/ssl/private/apache-selfsigned.key -out /etc/ssl/certs/apache-selfsigned.crt

This will prompt a series of questions. Before discussing those, here’s a review of what’s happening in the command you’re issuing:

  • openssl: This is the basic command line tool for creating and managing OpenSSL certificates, keys, and other files.
  • req: This subcommand specifies to use X.509 certificate signing request (CSR) management. The “X.509” is a public key infrastructure standard that SSL and TLS adhere to for its key and certificate management. To create a new X.509 cert, use this subcommand.
  • -x509: This further modifies the previous subcommand by telling the utility to make a self-signed certificate instead of generating a certificate signing request, as would normally happen.
  • -nodes: This tells OpenSSL to skip the option to secure the certificate with a passphrase. Apache needs to be able to read the file, without user intervention, when the server starts up. A passphrase would prevent this from happening because users would have to enter it after every restart.
  • -days 365: This option sets the length of time that the certificate will be considered valid. In this case, it’s set for one year.
  • -newkey rsa:2048: This specifies that you want to generate a new certificate and a new key at the same time. The key required to sign the certificate was not created in a previous step, so it needs to be created along with the certificate. The rsa:2048 portion tells it to make an RSA key that is 2048 bits long.
  • -keyout: This line tells OpenSSL where to place the generated private key file that’s being created.
  • -out: This tells OpenSSL where to place the certificate that’s being created.

As stated previously, these options will create both a key file and a certificate. You’ll be asked a few questions about your server in order to embed the information correctly in the certificate.

Fill out the prompts appropriately. The most important line is the one that requests the Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name). You need to enter the domain name associated with your server or, more likely, your server’s public IP address.

The entire list of prompts will output as the following:

Output
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:US State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:New York Locality Name (eg, city) []:New York City Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Bouncy Castles, Inc. Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Ministry of Water Slides Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:server_IP_address Email Address []:admin@your_domain.com

Both of the files you created will be placed in the appropriate subdirectories under /etc/ssl.

Step 2 — Configuring Apache to Use SSL

You’ve successfully created your key and certificate files under the /etc/ssl directory. Now, you need to modify your Apache configuration to take advantage of these.

You’ll do this by making a few adjustments to the configuration:

  1. Create a configuration snippet to specify strong default SSL settings.
  2. Modify the included SSL Apache Virtual Host file to point to your generated SSL certificates.
  3. (Recommended) Modify the unencrypted Virtual Host file to automatically redirect requests to the encrypted Virtual Host.

When you’re finished, you will have a secure SSL configuration.

Creating an Apache Configuration Snippet with Strong Encryption Settings

To begin, create an Apache configuration snippet to define some SSL settings. This will set Apache up with a strong SSL cipher suite and enable some advanced features that will help keep your server secure. The parameters you’ll set can be used by any Virtual Hosts enabling SSL.

Create a new snippet in the /etc/apache2/conf-available directory. In this example, we’ll create the files using nano and name the file ssl-params.conf to make its purpose clear. Feel free to use your preferred text editor:

  1. sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf-available/ssl-params.conf

To set up Apache SSL securely, we will adapt the recommendations from Cipherlist.eu. Cipherlist.eu is a useful and digestible resource for understanding encryption settings used for popular software.

Note: These suggested settings from Cipherlist.eu offer strong security. Sometimes, this comes at the cost of greater client compatibility. If you need to support older clients, there is an alternative list that can be accessed by clicking the link on the page labeled “Yes, give me a ciphersuite that works with legacy / old software.” If desired, you can substitute that list with the content of the next example code block.

The choice of which configuration to use will depend largely on what you need to support. They both will provide great security.

For your purposes, copy the provided settings in their entirety. You’ll make one small change, though, by disabling the Strict-Transport-Security header (HSTS).

Preloading HSTS provides increased security, but can have far reaching consequences if accidentally enabled or enabled incorrectly. In this guide, we will not enable the settings, but you can modify that if you are sure you understand the implications.

Before deciding, take a moment to read up on HTTP Strict Transport Security, or HSTS, and specifically about the “preload” functionality

Now paste the configuration into the ssl-params.conf file:

/etc/apache2/conf-available/ssl-params.conf

SSLCipherSuite EECDH+AESGCM:EDH+AESGCM
# Requires Apache 2.4.36 & OpenSSL 1.1.1
SSLProtocol -all +TLSv1.3 +TLSv1.2
SSLOpenSSLConfCmd Curves X25519:secp521r1:secp384r1:prime256v1
# Older versions
# SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1 -TLSv1.1
SSLHonorCipherOrder On
# Disable preloading HSTS for now.  You can use the commented out header line that includes 
# the "preload" directive if you understand the implications.
# Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload"
Header always set X-Frame-Options DENY
Header always set X-Content-Type-Options nosniff
# Requires Apache >= 2.4
SSLCompression off
SSLUseStapling on
SSLStaplingCache "shmcb:logs/stapling-cache(150000)"
# Requires Apache >= 2.4.11
SSLSessionTickets Off

Save and close the file when you are finished. If you’re using nano, you can do this by pressing CTRL + X, then Y and ENTER.

Modifying the Default Apache SSL Virtual Host File

Next, you’ll modify /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf, the default Apache SSL Virtual Host file. If you’re using a different server block file, substitute its name in the following commands.

Before you begin, back up the original SSL Virtual Host file:

  1. sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf.bak

Now, open the SSL Virtual Host file to make adjustments:

  1. sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf

Inside, with most of the comments removed, the Virtual Host file will contain the following content by default:

/etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
        <VirtualHost _default_:443>
                ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost

                DocumentRoot /var/www/html

                ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
                CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined

                SSLEngine on

                SSLCertificateFile      /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
                SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key

                <FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
                                SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
                </FilesMatch>
                <Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>
                                SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
                </Directory>

        </VirtualHost>
</IfModule>

You’ll be making some minor adjustments to the file. First set the normal things you’d want to adjust in a Virtual Host file (such as ServerAdmin email address, ServerName, etc., and adjust the SSL directives to point to your certificate and key files).

After making these changes, your server block should result in the following:

/etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
        <VirtualHost _default_:443>
                ServerAdmin your_email@example.com
                ServerName server_domain_or_IP

                DocumentRoot /var/www/html

                ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
                CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined

                SSLEngine on

                SSLCertificateFile      /etc/ssl/certs/apache-selfsigned.crt
                SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/apache-selfsigned.key

                <FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
                                SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
                </FilesMatch>
                <Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>
                                SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
                </Directory>

        </VirtualHost>
</IfModule>

Save and close the file when you are finished.

As it stands now, the server will provide both unencrypted HTTP and encrypted HTTPS traffic. For better security, it is recommended in most cases to redirect HTTP to HTTPS automatically. If you do not want or need this functionality, you can safely skip this section.

To adjust the unencrypted Virtual Host file to redirect all traffic to be SSL encrypted, open the /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf file:

  1. sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf

Within the VirtualHost configuration blocks, add a Redirect directive, pointing all traffic to the SSL version of the site:

/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
        . . .

        Redirect "/" "https://your_domain_or_IP/"

        . . .
</VirtualHost>

Save and close the file when you are finished.

Step 3 — Adjusting the Firewall

If you have the ufw firewall enabled, as recommended by the prerequisite guides, you might need to adjust the settings to allow for SSL traffic. Luckily, Apache registers a few profiles with ufw upon installation.

View the list of available profiles by running the following:

  1. sudo ufw app list

The output should be as follows:

Output
Available applications: Apache Apache Full Apache Secure OpenSSH

You can review the current setting by checking the status:

  1. sudo ufw status

If you allowed only regular HTTP traffic earlier, your output results will be like the following:

Output
Status: active To Action From -- ------ ---- OpenSSH ALLOW Anywhere Apache ALLOW Anywhere OpenSSH (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) Apache (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)

To allow additional HTTPS traffic, you can allow the “Apache Full” profile and then delete the redundant “Apache” profile allowance:

  1. sudo ufw allow 'Apache Full'
  2. sudo ufw delete allow 'Apache'

Confirm the changes by checking the status:

  1. sudo ufw status
Output
Status: active To Action From -- ------ ---- OpenSSH ALLOW Anywhere Apache Full ALLOW Anywhere OpenSSH (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) Apache Full (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)

You’ve now successfully allowed Apache traffic to your firewall.

Step 4 — Enabling the Changes in Apache

Now that you’ve made changes and adjusted your firewall, you can enable the SSL and headers modules in Apache, enable your SSL-ready Virtual Host, and restart Apache.

Enable mod_ssl, the Apache SSL module, and mod_headers, which is needed by some of the settings in the SSL snippet, with the a2enmod command:

  1. sudo a2enmod ssl
  2. sudo a2enmod headers

Next, enable your SSL Virtual Host with the a2ensite command:

  1. sudo a2ensite default-ssl

You’ll also need to enable your ssl-params.conf file, to read in the values you set:

  1. sudo a2enconf ssl-params

At this point, your site and the necessary modules are enabled. Check to make sure that there are no syntax errors in your files with a test:

  1. sudo apache2ctl configtest

If everything is successful, you will get the following results:

Output
AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message Syntax OK

The first line is a message telling you that the ServerName directive is not set globally. If you want to get rid of that message, you can set ServerName to your server’s domain name or IP address in /etc/apache2/apache2.conf. This is optional as the message will do no harm.

If your output has Syntax OK in it, your configuration file has no syntax errors. You can now safely restart Apache to implement your changes:

  1. sudo systemctl restart apache2

You’ve made your changes and next you’ll test your SSL server.

Step 5 — Testing Encryption

Now it’s time to test your SSL server. Start by opening your web browser and type https:// followed by your server’s domain name or IP into the address bar:

https://server_domain_or_IP

Because the certificate you created isn’t signed by one of your browser’s trusted certificate authorities, you will likely receive a warning like the following:

Apache self-signed cert warning

This is expected and normal. We are only interested in the encryption aspect of our certificate, not the third party validation of our host’s authenticity. Click ADVANCED and then the link provided to proceed to your host anyways:

Apache self-signed override

You should be taken to your site. In the browser address bar, you will have a lock with an “x” over it. This means that the certificate cannot be validated. It is still encrypting your connection.

If you configured Apache to redirect HTTP to HTTPS, you can also check whether the redirect functions correctly:

http://server_domain_or_IP

If this results in the same icon, this means that your redirect worked correctly.

Step 6 — Changing to a Permanent Redirect

If your redirect worked correctly and you are sure you want to allow only encrypted traffic, you should modify the unencrypted Apache Virtual Host again to make the redirect permanent.

Open your server block configuration file again:

  1. sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf

Find the Redirect line you added earlier. Add permanent to that line, which changes the redirect from a 302 temporary redirect to a 301 permanent redirect:

/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
        . . .

        Redirect permanent "/" "https://your_domain_or_IP/"

        . . .
</VirtualHost>

Save and close the file.

Check your configuration for syntax errors:

  1. sudo apache2ctl configtest

When you’re ready, restart Apache to make the redirect permanent:

  1. sudo systemctl restart apache2

You’ve successfully made the redirect permanent to allow only encrypted traffic.

Conclusion

You have configured your Apache server to use strong encryption for client connections. This will allow you to serve requests securely and will prevent outside parties from reading your traffic.

Thanks for learning with the DigitalOcean Community. Check out our offerings for compute, storage, networking, and managed databases.

Learn more about us


About the authors


Still looking for an answer?

Ask a questionSearch for more help

Was this helpful?
 
10 Comments


This textbox defaults to using Markdown to format your answer.

You can type !ref in this text area to quickly search our full set of tutorials, documentation & marketplace offerings and insert the link!

I followed the steps but it gives me the apache page not my website

DONT WORK!!! Can’t undo thith fucked bullsheet!!!

This is terrible, use the Certbot instead!

[ssl:warn] [pid 533203:tid 281472909959200] AH01906: pcan.test:443:0 server certificate is a CA certificate (BasicConstraints: CA == TRUE !?)

and firefox browser on same machine says “unable to connect”. So this apparently simple task becomes mind-boggling more annoying and complex with every software upgrade iteration. And of course I cannot easily use a registered domain name for a VM machine running on my own PC.

I successfully config SSL for local network, thank you But every time I see the warning page in ‘Step 5’ How can I import my certificate to the browser? I try to export and import CRT file to chrome in 'Manage certificates ’ but I got this error: the private key for this client certificate is missing or invalid

Nice tutorial, thank you. Now I have these 2 new files. /etc/ssl/certs/ …crt and …/private/ …key. How can I use these file to allow my android app to send https request to my server?

This is a good tutorial and bullshit at the same time because it won’t work because you have no signed certificate. Instead of following those steps, I would recommend using the Certbot instruction: https://certbot.eff.org/lets-encrypt/ubuntufocal-apache

Little same as fadyeffat’s comment, once i setup https in my apache install, the weird thing is, when i visit localhost with https, browser shows default apache page. But if i go to http version, browser shows my virtual host page! uhh

Hi I am having trouble with this.

root@pms:/home/spm# sudo service apache2 restart

  • Restarting web server apache2 [fail]
  • The apache2 configtest failed. Output of config test was: AH00526: Syntax error on line 15 of /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/ssl-params.conf: Invalid command ‘SSLSessionTickets’, perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configuration Action ‘configtest’ failed. The Apache error log may have more information.

Can someone please help me i only follow the guide

great now i cant even connect to my own damn website. The fuck is this shit

Try DigitalOcean for free

Click below to sign up and get $200 of credit to try our products over 60 days!

Sign up

Join the Tech Talk
Success! Thank you! Please check your email for further details.

Please complete your information!

Get our biweekly newsletter

Sign up for Infrastructure as a Newsletter.

Hollie's Hub for Good

Working on improving health and education, reducing inequality, and spurring economic growth? We'd like to help.

Become a contributor

Get paid to write technical tutorials and select a tech-focused charity to receive a matching donation.

Welcome to the developer cloud

DigitalOcean makes it simple to launch in the cloud and scale up as you grow — whether you're running one virtual machine or ten thousand.

Learn more
DigitalOcean Cloud Control Panel