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Introduction
The Apache web server is the most popular way of serving web content on the internet. It accounts for more than half of all active websites on the internet and is extremely powerful and flexible.
Apache breaks its functionality and components into individual units that can be customized and configured independently. The basic unit that describes an individual site or domain is called a virtual host.
These designations allow the administrator to use one server to host multiple domains or sites off of a single interface or IP by using a matching mechanism. This is relevant to anyone looking to host more than one site off of a single server.
Each domain that is configured will direct the visitor to a specific directory holding that site’s information, never indicating that the same server is also responsible for other sites. This scheme is expandable without any software limit as long as your server can handle the load.
In this guide, we will walk you through how to set up Apache virtual hosts on an Ubuntu 16.04 server. During this process, you’ll learn how to serve different content to different visitors depending on which domains they are requesting.
Prerequisites
Before you begin this tutorial, you should create a sudo-enabled non-root user as described in steps 1–4 here.
You will also need to have Apache installed in order to work through these steps. If you haven’t already done so, you can get Apache installed on your server through apt-get:
- sudo apt-get update
- sudo apt-get install apache2
After these steps are complete, we can get started.
For the purposes of this guide, our configuration will make a virtual host for example.com and another for test.com. These will be referenced throughout the guide, but you should substitute your own domains or values while following along.
We will show how to edit your local hosts file later on to test the configuration if you are using dummy values. This will allow you to test your configuration from your home computer, even though your content won’t be available through the domain name to other visitors.
Step 1 — Creating the Directory Structure
The first step that we are going to take is to make a directory structure that will hold the site data that we will be serving to visitors.
Our document root (the top-level directory that Apache looks at to find content to serve) will be set to individual directories under the /var/www directory. We will create a directory here for both of the virtual hosts we plan on making.
Within each of these directories, we will create a public_html folder that will hold our actual files. This gives us some flexibility in our hosting.
For instance, for our sites, we’re going to make our directories like this:
- sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/public_html
- sudo mkdir -p /var/www/test.com/public_html
The portions in red represent the domain names that we are wanting to serve from our VPS.
Step 2 — Granting Permissions
Now we have the directory structure for our files, but they are owned by our root user. If we want our regular user to be able to modify files in our web directories, we can change the ownership by doing this:
- sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/example.com/public_html
- sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/test.com/public_html
The $USER variable will take the value of the user you are currently logged in as when you press ENTER. By doing this, our regular user now owns the public_html subdirectories where we will be storing our content.
We should also modify our permissions a little bit to ensure that read access is permitted to the general web directory and all of the files and folders it contains so that pages can be served correctly:
- sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www
Your web server should now have the permissions it needs to serve content, and your user should be able to create content within the necessary folders.
Step 3 — Creating Demo Pages for Each Virtual Host
We have our directory structure in place. Let’s create some content to serve.
We’re just going for a demonstration, so our pages will be very simple. We’re just going to make an index.html page for each site.
Let’s start with example.com. We can open up an index.html file in our editor by typing:
- nano /var/www/example.com/public_html/index.html
In this file, create a simple HTML document that indicates the site it is connected to. The file looks like this:
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to Example.com!</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Success! The example.com virtual host is working!</h1>
</body>
</html>
Save and close the file when you are finished.
We can copy this file to use as the basis for our second site by typing:
- cp /var/www/example.com/public_html/index.html /var/www/test.com/public_html/index.html
We can then open the file and modify the relevant pieces of information:
- nano /var/www/test.com/public_html/index.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to Test.com!</title>
</head>
<body> <h1>Success! The test.com virtual host is working!</h1>
</body>
</html>
Save and close this file as well. You now have the pages necessary to test the virtual host configuration.
Step 4 — Creating New Virtual Host Files
Virtual host files are the files that specify the actual configuration of our virtual hosts and dictate how the Apache web server will respond to various domain requests.
Apache comes with a default virtual host file called 000-default.conf that we can use as a jumping off point. We are going to copy it over to create a virtual host file for each of our domains.
We will start with one domain, configure it, copy it for our second domain, and then make the few further adjustments needed. The default Ubuntu configuration requires that each virtual host file end in .conf.
Creating the First Virtual Host File
Start by copying the file for the first domain:
- sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf
Open the new file in your editor with root privileges:
- sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf
The file will look something like this (Comments have been removed here to make the file more approachable):
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
DocumentRoot /var/www/html
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
As you can see, there’s not much here. We will customize the items here for our first domain and add some additional directives. This virtual host section matches any requests that are made on port 80, the default HTTP port.
First, we need to change the ServerAdmin directive to an email that the site administrator can receive emails through.
ServerAdmin admin@example.com
After this, we need to add two directives. The first, called ServerName, establishes the base domain that should match for this virtual host definition. This will most likely be your domain. The second, called ServerAlias, defines further names that should match as if they were the base name. This is useful for matching hosts you defined, like www:
ServerName example.com
ServerAlias www.example.com
The only other thing we need to change for a basic virtual host file is the location of the document root for this domain. We already created the directory we need, so we just need to alter the DocumentRoot directive to reflect the directory we created:
DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/public_html
In total, our virtualhost file should look like this:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin admin@example.com
ServerName example.com
ServerAlias www.example.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/public_html
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
Save and close the file.
Copying the First Virtual Host and Customizing for Second Domain
Now that we have our first virtual host file established, we can create our second one by copying that file and adjusting it as needed.
Start by copying it:
- sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/test.com.conf
Open the new file with root privileges in your editor:
- sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/test.com.conf
You now need to modify all of the pieces of information to reference your second domain. When you are finished, it may look something like this:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin admin@test.com
ServerName test.com
ServerAlias www.test.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/test.com/public_html
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
Save and close the file when you are finished.
Step 5 — Enabling the New Virtual Host Files
Now that we have created our virtual host files, we must enable them. Apache includes some tools that allow us to do this.
We can use the a2ensite tool to enable each of our sites like this:
- sudo a2ensite example.com.conf
- sudo a2ensite test.com.conf
Next, disable the default site defined in 000-default.conf:
- sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf
When you are finished, you need to restart Apache to make these changes take effect:
- sudo systemctl restart apache2
Step 6 — Setting Up Local Hosts File (Optional)
If you haven’t been using actual domain names that you own to test this procedure and have been using some example domains instead, you can at least test the functionality of this process by temporarily modifying the hosts file on your local computer.
This will intercept any requests for the domains that you configured and point them to your server, just as the DNS system would do if you were using registered domains. This will only work from your computer though, and is simply useful for testing purposes.
Make sure you are operating on your local computer for these steps and not your server. You will need to know the computer’s administrative password or otherwise be a member of the administrative group.
If you are on a Mac or Linux computer, edit your local file with administrative privileges by typing:
- sudo nano /etc/hosts
If you are on a Windows machine, you can find instructions on altering your hosts file here.
The details that you need to add are the public IP address of your VPS server followed by the domain you want to use to reach that VPS.
For the domains that I used in this guide, assuming that my VPS IP address is 203.0.113.10, I could add the following lines to the bottom of my hosts file:
127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 guest-desktop
203.0.113.10 example.com
203.0.113.10 test.com
This will direct any requests for example.com and test.com on our computer and send them to our server at 203.0.113.10. This is what we want if we are not actually the owners of these domains in order to test our virtual hosts.
Save and close the file.
Step 7 — Testing Your Results
Now that you have your virtual hosts configured, you can test your setup easily by going to the domains that you configured in your web browser:
http://example.com
You should see a page that looks like this:
Likewise, if you can visit your second page:
http://test.com
You will see the file you created for your second site:
If both of these sites work well, you’ve successfully configured two virtual hosts on the same server.
If you adjusted your home computer’s hosts file, you may want to delete the lines you added now that you verified that your configuration works. This will prevent your hosts file from being filled with entries that are not actually necessary.
If you need to access this long term, consider purchasing a domain name for each site you need and setting it up to point to your VPS server.
Conclusion
If you followed along, you should now have a single server handling two separate domain names. You can expand this process by following the steps we outlined above to make additional virtual hosts.
There is no software limit on the number of domain names Apache can handle, so feel free to make as many as your server is capable of handling.
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